Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen prevalent in poultry manufacturing, together with turkeys. The pathogen is a continuing risk to human public well being due to its potential to trigger outbreaks involving sickness circumstances, hospitalizations, and deaths.

Shijinaraj Manjankattil BVScAH, MS, Claire Peichel MS, Grace Dewi MS, and Anup Kollanoor Johny BVScAH, MVSc, PhD – Division of Animal Science, College of Minnesota – Twin Cities

The issue of Salmonella in turkey manufacturing

Poultry is a major supply of medical, non-clinical, and antibiotic-resistant variants of Salmonella. Salmonella colonized within the cecum of turkeys and disseminated to the inner organs are thought-about a possible meals security hazard by way of merchandise. Acceptable administration practices and antimicrobial interventions in the course of the preharvest section can successfully management Salmonella and enhance postharvest management of the pathogen. Furthermore, the emergence of drug-resistant Salmonella in manufacturing environments has necessitated antibiotic stewardship as a accountability of the turkey producers and integrators. The USDA recommends nonantibiotic interventions corresponding to vaccines, prebiotics, probiotics, and natural acids in manufacturing. Though particular person interventions have confirmed advantages, shifts within the dynamics of predominant serotypes encountered on farms, new serotypes rising with extra invasive capabilities, and a number of serotypes probably colonizing in turkey intestine demand revolutionary and broad approaches for Salmonella management. Our lab investigates a number of nonantibiotic interventions for the preharvest security of turkeys, of which up to date analysis is briefly introduced on this doc.

Non-host derived probiotics for Salmonella discount

A number of probiotics are investigated for his or her potential in pathogen management independently and in combos by way of numerous business preparations. Nonetheless, consistency in outcomes is a vital figuring out issue for business software. Our laboratory investigates a non-host derived probiotic, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii, a dairy origin GRAS-status micro organism generally utilized in cheese manufacturing, for its exercise towards Salmonella in turkeys. The bacterium reveals antibacterial exercise towards many foodborne pathogens like Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Earlier research from our lab confirmed that Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii can scale back multiplication, motility, cell affiliation, and invasion of three main Salmonella serotypes in poultry. The probiotic potential of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii in turkeys was additionally examined by figuring out elements like its resistance to gastric pH and bile salts, hemolytic exercise, invasive traits, and antibiotic susceptibility. The outcomes from this examine indicated that the probiotic is tolerant to low pH and bile salts with no hemolytic exercise and invasive properties famous. Within the in vivo research, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii was examined towards Salmonella enterica Heidelberg in three totally different age teams. In these research, turkeys have been supplemented with the probiotic by way of consuming water. A discount of 1.6 to 2.2 log₁₀ of Salmonella enterica Heidelberg was obtained within the probiotic-supplemented teams in comparison with the constructive management when micro organism have been recovered at two weeks of age. Research utilizing turkey problem fashions on the age of week 7 confirmed promising leads to stopping invasion of Salmonella enterica Heidelberg to the spleen and liver. Solely 37.5 % of liver and spleen samples have been constructive in Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii handled teams in comparison with the 87.5 % constructive samples within the management group. Research with finisher turkeys at 12 weeks of age indicated a 2 to 2.6 log₁₀ discount in Salmonella enterica Heidelberg populations within the cecum of probiotic-supplemented turkeys in comparison with the management teams. Cecal microbiome research in turkeys revealed that supplementation of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii may modify microbial flora by growing the carbohydrate fermenting and short-chain fatty acid- producing micro organism within the intestine of turkeys.

Host-derived probiotics for Salmonella management

Though a number of host-derived probiotics are investigated for his or her many advantages within the hosts, Lactobacillus species attracts particular point out as a result of their historic security margin and well being advantages evident in animals and people. Among the many a number of species of Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus salivarius was investigated as a aggressive exclusion bacterium towards Salmonella enterica Enteritidis, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Salmonella enterica Kentucky within the cecum of chickens. A dose of 10⁶ to 10⁸ log Lactobacillus salivarius by way of oral gavage was discovered to scale back 2 to 2.5 log₁₀ Salmonella within the cecum of chickens. Pascual et al. (1999) demonstrated {that a} single oral gavage with 10⁸ Lactobacillus salivarius may lead to 100% Salmonella-free chickens at 21 days post-inoculation. Nonetheless, the authors advisable a number of doses per their remark that the Lactobacillus populations considerably diminishes between 21- and 28-days post-inoculation.

Lactobacillus salivarius can also be identified for enhancing physique weight, intestinal morphometry, and intestinal integrity in turkey poults. Lactobacillus salivarius was used to ferment soybean meal within the turkey food plan and fed prophylactic and therapeutic regimens after a Salmonella enterica Typhimurium problem. It was discovered that fermented soybean meal with Lactobacillus salivarius elevated villi size, villus floor space, villus crypt ratio, and crypt depth. Current research from our lab had reported a major discount in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica Heidelberg within the cecum of turkeys when a mixture of Lactobacillus salivarius UMNPBX2 and Lactobacillus Ingluviei UMNPBX19 was supplemented by way of consuming water. Moreover, Peichel et al. (2021b) not too long ago reported the antibacterial exercise of Lactobacillus salivarius UMNPBX2 towards outbreak inflicting Salmonella enterica Studying isolates in turkeys.

Vaccines for Salmonella management

Vaccination has been traditionally used to forestall a number of human and animal illnesses. They work on the precept of creating immunity within the host. Vaccination is a promising pre-harvest technique to manage Salmonella in turkey flocks. A commercially accessible, USDA-approved Salmonella vaccine (AviPro Megan Egg, Elanco), containing dwell cultures of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, is accredited for turkeys. It’s efficient towards Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in turkeys when vaccinated at day 1 of age and adopted by revaccination at week 3 of age. Nonetheless, research on cross-protection to different serovars and the period of immunity are restricted in turkeys. Lately, Peichel et al. (2021) reported cross-protection of AviPro Megan egg vaccine towards Salmonella enterica Studying in three totally different age teams of turkeys. Roughly 2 log₁₀  reductions of Salmonella within the cecum and considerably fewer Salmonella constructive liver, spleen, and crop samples point out its cross protectivity towards an emergent and drug- resistant clone of Salmonella enterica Studying.

Research on AviPro Salmonella Duo containing metabolically mutant strains of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Salmonella enterica Enteritidis confirmed that it may scale back Salmonella colonization within the cecum and invasion to inner organs. The researchers additionally discovered excessive antibody titers in turkeys receiving a number of boosters. Equally, research on the clearance of vaccine pressure confirmed that it’s extra more likely to re-isolate each Salmonella enterica Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium vaccine strains till day 14 of vaccination after the primary dose. However with every booster dose, re-isolation was diminished as antibody titers elevated. Equally research investigating BBS 866, a dwell attenuated Salmonella enterica Typhimurium vaccine, proved to supply cross-protection towards Salmonella enterica Heidelberg in turkeys.

Ongoing Investigations

As mentioned earlier, preharvest interventions utilizing probiotics and vaccines have been confirmed to have impartial antibacterial results towards a number of Salmonella serovars. A probably enhanced exercise exists if these interventions are utilized in combos, particularly towards the outbreak inflicting Salmonella strains in turkey manufacturing. In a not too long ago accomplished examine from our lab, Dewi et al. (2021) used a mixed and focused strategy utilizing turkey-derived Lactobacillus strains and a vital oil ingredient, trans cinnamaldehyde towards Salmonella enterica Heidelberg in turkey poults. This mix remedy resulted in additional than 2.5 log10 Salmonella enterica Heidelberg within the cecum in comparison with a decrease magnitude of discount obtained from particular person handled teams. In one other examine from our lab, Peichel et al. (2021) mixed Lactobacillus salivarius with Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine for enhanced advantages in turkeys. These outcomes counsel extra research on selecting focused mixture approaches towards Salmonella in turkey manufacturing. At the moment, our lab group is testing the mixed impact of probiotics and vaccines towards different rising Salmonella serovars in turkey manufacturing. We’re additionally invested in understanding higher the mechanisms of motion of the mix approaches utilizing molecular approaches.

Acknowledgments

The authors of this text wish to thank funding sources supporting these research, together with the MnDRIVE GFV graduate fellowship 2020-2021 awarded to Shijina and Claire, Minnesota Agricultural Experimentation Station Challenge #MIN-16-120; Minnesota Turkey Analysis and Promotion Council Grant #2019-02; Minnesota Division of Agriculture Speedy Response Grant FY 20-22; USDA NIFA Hatch Accession #1016910; USDA AFRI #2018-68003-27464; and USDA NIFA #2020-67017-30787. The authors additionally acknowledge Drs. Timothy Johnson, Sally Noll, Carol Cardona, Zata Vikers, Petri Papinaho, and Ryan Cox for his or her collaboration and/or contribution in these initiatives.

References can be found on request
From the Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Conference 2022